(lithium niobate modulators) e sebelisa mokhoa o tsoetseng pele oa phapanyetsano ea proton, o nang le tahlehelo e tlase ea ho kenya, bandwidth e phahameng ea modulation, voltage e tlase ea halofo ea maqhubu le litšobotsi tse ling tse sebelisoang tsamaisong ea puisano ea sebaka, lisebelisoa tse hlahisang pulse, quantum optics le likarolo tse ling.